Prostaglandins C2

ABSTRACT

This invention is a group of prostaglandin-like compounds of the formula: ##STR1## wherein m is 0, 1, 2, or 3 and n is 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein X and Y are --CH 2  CH 2  -- or X is cis--CH═CH-- and Y is --CH 2  CH 2  -- or cis--CH═CH--, and wherein R 1  is hydrogen, alkyl of one to 12 carbon atoms, inclusive, cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, inclusive, aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms, inclusive, phenyl, or phenyl substituted with one, 2, or 3 chloro or alkyl of one to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, and the pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof when R 1  is hydrogen. These compounds are useful as vasodepressors and antisecretory agents, and in managing cases of renal disfunction.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 510,076, filed Sept. 27,1974, and now abandoned, which was a continuation of application Ser.No. 345,347, filed Mar. 27, 1973 and now abandoned.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel compositions of matter and to novelprocesses for making those. More specifically, this invention isconcerned with novel optically active organic compounds of the formula:##STR2## wherein m is 0, 1, 2, or 3 and n is 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein Xand Y are --CH₂ CH₂ -- or X is cis--CH═CH-- and Y is --CH₂ CH₂ -- orcis--CH═CH--, and wherein R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl of one to 12 carbonatoms, inclusive, cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, inclusive, aralkylof 7 to 12 carbon atoms, inclusive, phenyl, or phenyl substituted withone, 2, or 3 chloro or alkyl of one to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, andthe pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof when R₁ is hydrogen.

Included within the scope of formula I wherein m is one and n is 3 areoptically active compounds of the formulas: ##STR3## in formulas II,III, and IV, R₁ is as defined above.

This invention also relates to novel optically active compounds of theformula: ##STR4## wherein Z is --CH₂ CH₂ -- or cis--CH═CH--, and whereinR₁ is as defined above, and pharmacologically acceptable salts thereofwhen R₁ is hydrogen.

Included within the scope of formula V are optically active compounds ofthe formulas: ##STR5## In formulas VI and VII, R₁ is as defined above.

This invention also relates to novel optically active compounds of theformula: ##STR6## wherein R₁ is as defined above, and pharmacologicallyacceptable salts thereof when R₁ is hydrogen.

The novel compounds of formulas I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII arerelated in structure to the substance known as prostanoic acid which hasthe formula and atom numbering: ##STR7##

There are various derivatives and derivative-analogs of prostanoic acidalready known in the art. These are known as prostaglandins andprostaglandin analogs. For example, the compound known as prostaglandinE₁ (PGE₁) has the formula: ##STR8## The compound known as prostaglandinE₂ (PGE₂) has the formula: ##STR9## The compound known as prostaglandinE₃ (PGE₃) has the formula: ##STR10## Compounds corresponding to PGE₁,PGE₂, and PGE₃ but without the ring hydroxy and with a carbon-carbondouble bond between C-10 and C-11 in the ring are also known. These arenamed prostaglandins A (PGA). Thus, prostaglandin A₁ (PGA₁) has theformula: ##STR11## Prostaglandin A₂ (PGA₂) has the formula: ##STR12##Prostaglandin A₃ (PGA₃) has the formula: ##STR13##

Compounds of formula I wherein m is one and n is 3, i.e., the compoundsof formulas II, III, and IV, can be considered as derivatives ofprostanoic acid, and can be named accordingly. Thus, the compound offormula II wherein R₁ is hydrogen has the name15α-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-11,trans-13-dienoic acid. The compound offormula III wherein R₁ is hydrogen has the name15α-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-cis-5,11,trans-13-trienoic acid. The compound offormula IV wherein R₁ is hydrogen has the name15α-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-cis-5,11,trans-13,-cis-17-tetraenoic acid.

For convenience, I have chosen to name the novel compounds of thisinvention as prostaglandins C, using the subscript numbers 1, 2, or 3 todesignate the total number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the two sidechains in accord with the PGE and PGA system of nomenclature. Thus, thenovel compounds of formulas II, III, and IV wherein R₁ is hydrogen arenamed prostaglandin C₁ (PGC₁), prostaglandin C₂ (PGC₂), andprostaglandin C₃ (PGC₃), respectively.

The novel compounds encompassed by formula I wherein m and n are otherthan the combination of one for m and 3 for n are considered as analogsof the PGC compounds encompassed by formula I and are named with the useof prefixes to the corresponding PGC name. These prefixes are asfollows:

    ______________________________________                                                 m     prefix                                                                  0     20-nor                                                                  2     20-methyl                                                               3     20-ethyl                                                                n     prefix                                                                  2     2-nor                                                                   4     2a-homo                                                                 5     2a,2b-dihomo                                                   ______________________________________                                    

Thus, the compounds of formula I wherein R₁ is hydrogen are named asfollows for the various combinations of m and n:

    ______________________________________                                        m       n         name                                                        ______________________________________                                        0       2         2,20-dinor-PGC                                              1       2         2-nor-PGC                                                   2       2         2-nor-20-methyl-PGC                                         3       2         2-nor-20-ethyl-PGC                                          0       3         20-nor-PGC                                                  1       3         PGC                                                         2       3         20-methyl-PGC                                               3       3         20-ethyl-PGC                                                0       4         2a-homo-20-nor-PGC                                          1       4         2a-homo-PGC                                                 2       4         2a-homo-20-methyl-PGC                                       3       4         2a-homo-20-ethyl-PGC                                        0       5         2a,2b-dihomo-20-nor-PGC                                     1       5         2a,2b-dihomo-PGC                                            2       5         2a,2b-dihomo-20-methyl-PGC                                  3       5         2a,2b-dihomo-20-ethyl-PGC                                   ______________________________________                                    

A subscript 1, 2, or 3 is then added to the name to indicate a total ofone, two, or three carbon-carbon double bonds in the two side-chains.

Prostaglandins A corresponding to the novel compounds of formulas VI,VII, and VIII are also known in the art. They have the formulas:##STR14## These compounds of formulas XVI, XVII, and XVIII are named19-hydroxy-PGA₁, 19-hydroxy-PGA₂, and 15β-PGA₂, respectively. In accordwith this nomenclature, the novel compounds of formulas VI, VII, andVIII wherein R₁ is hydrogen are named 19-hydroxy-PGC₁, 19-hydroxy-PGC₂,and 15β-PGC₂.

Molecules of the compounds encompassed by formulas I to XVIII above eachhave several centers of asymmetry. These formulas, including formulasI-VIII which represent the novel prostaglandin C compounds of thisinvention, are intended to represent optically active compounds eachwith the same absolute configuration as optically active prostaglandinE₁ (PGE₁) obtained from certain mammalian tissues, for example, sheepvesicular glands or human seminal plasma. See, for example, Bergstrom etal., J. Biol. Chem. 238, 3555 (1963), Horton, Experientia, 21, 113(1965), Bergstrom et al. Pharmacol. Rev. 20, 1 (1968), and referencescited in those.

In formulas I to XVIII, a broken line attachment to the cyclopentanering indicates a chain in alpha configuration, i.e., below the plane ofthe cyclopentane ring. A heavy solid line attachment to the cyclopentanering indicates a chain in beta configuration, i.e., above the plane ofthe cyclopentane ring. A regular solid line attachment to thecyclopentane ring indicates a planar configuration for that chain andthe other attachments to the ring carbon atoms. The configuration forthe side chain hydroxy in formulas I to IV and IX to XV is S although αis preferred as a designation for this configuration. The configurationsfor the two side chain hydroxy at C-15 and C-19 in formulas V, VI, VII,XVI, and XVII are S and R, respectively, although α and β, respectively,are preferred as designations for these configurations. The side chainhydroxy at C-15 in formulas VIII and XVIII is in R configuration. Thisconfiguration is also known as epi, although β is preferred as adesignation for the configuration. See Nature, 212, 38 (1966), Hamberg,European J. Biochem, 6, 147 (1968), and Weinheimer et al., TetrahedronLetters 49, 5185 (1969), and references cited in those, for discussionsof the stereochemistry of these prostaglandins.

The above-described known prostaglandins A, especially PGA₁ and PGA₂,are known to exhibit vaso-depressor activity in laboratory animalsprepared in various ways. See, for example, Horton et al., Br. J.Pharmoc. 37, 704 (1969); Weeks et al., J. Pharm. Pharmac. 21, 103(1969); Higgins et al., Circulation Res. 28, 638 (1971); and Barner etal., J. Surg. Res. 12, 168 (1972). It has also been observed that PGA₁increases renal blood flow, diuresis, and natruresis in laboratoryanimals, for example, when infused into the renal artery of dogs. See,for example, Weeks, Rush Presbyterian-St. Lukes Med. Bull. 9, 87 (1970),and references cited therein. See also Murphy et al., J. Surg. Res. 10,533 (1970). Experiments in man also show that PGA₁ is useful in treatingpatients with essential hypertension and/or renal disfunction. See, forexample, J. B. Lee et al., Ann. Int. Med. 74, 703 (1971); S. J. Lee etal., Kidney Int. 1, 254 (1972); Lee et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 180,218 (1971); Fichman et al., Circ. Res. 31, Suppl. II, II-19 (1972);Westura et al., Circ. Res. 27, Suppl. I, I-131 (1970); and Carr, Ann.Intern. Med. 74, 830 (1971).

PGA₁ is also known to inhibit gastric secretion in man. See, forexample, Wilson et al., Gastroenterology, 61, 201 (1971).

The novel formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII PGC compounds ofthis invention have qualitatively the same pharmacological propertiesdescribed above for PGA₁ and PGA₂, and can be used for the same purposesand in the same manner described above. But quite surprisingly andcompletely unexpectedly, these novel PGC compounds are substantiallymore potent as pharmacological agents than the corresponding PGAcompounds, especially with regard to vasodepressor activity, and forthat reason, smaller amounts of the novel PGC compounds can be used toaccomplish the desired pharmacological results.

It is perhaps relevant to point out that a mixture of substances said tocontain a compound of the formula: ##STR15## has been stated to cause aslight lowering in the blood pressure of the anesthetized rabbit. SeeU.S. Pat. No. 3,644,502. But this compound could not be separated fromthe other components of this mixture, and it is uncertain just what isin the mixture. Moreover, there is uncertainty with regard to the exactstructure of this compound, for example, with regard to thestereochemical configuration of the attachments to the cyclopentanering, the side chain hydroxy in the component which contains that, andthe carbon-carbon double bond in the upper side chain. Moreover, in viewof the manner in which this mixture was prepared, it is clear that allof the mixture components are optically inactive (racemic). For thesereasons, this mixture would not be useful for the purposes describedabove for the novel PGC compounds of the present invention.

As described above, the novel PGC compounds of formulas I to VIII areused as hypotensive agents to reduce blood pressure in mammals,including man, especially in cases of essential hypertension. For thispurpose and with particular regard to humans, the compounds areadministered by intravenous infusion at the rate about 0.01 to about 50μg. per kg. of body weight per minute, preferably at a rate about 0.1 to5 μg. per kg. per minute, or in single or multiple intravenous doses ofabout 25 to 500 μg. per kg. of body weight total per day, the exact dosedepending on the particular novel PGC used, on the age and weight of thesubject, and on the severity of the hypertensive condition. The dosesgiven herein are especially suitable for use of PGC₁ (formula II) andPGC₂ (formula III), and somewhat higher dose levels may be needed forsome of the other novel PGC compounds of this invention. An appropriatedose range is readily determined for these other novel compounds bycomparing the depressor activity of the particular compound with that ofPGC₁ or PGC₂ in laboratory animals, for example, by the proceduresdescribed in Weeks et al. or Horton et al., above cited.

As mentioned above, as for PGA₁, the novel PGC compounds of formulas Ito VIII also increase the flow of blood in the mammalian kidney, therebyincreasing volume and electrolyte content of the urine. For that reason,these novel PGC compounds are useful in managing cases of renaldisfunction, especially those involving blockage of the renal vascularbed. Illustratively, the PGC compounds are useful to alleviate andcorrect cases of edema resulting, for example, from massive surfaceburns, and in the management of shock. For these purposes and withparticular regard to humans, compounds are preferably first administeredby intravenous injection at a dose in the range 10 to 1000 μg. per kg.of body weight, preferably in the range 100 to 500 μg. per kg. of bodyweight, or by intravenous infusion at a dose in the range 0.1 to 20 μg.per kg. of body weight per minute until the desired effect is obtained.Subsequent maintenance doses are given by intravenous injection orinfusion, or intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in the total range0.05 to 2 mg. per kg. of body weight per day. The doses given here areexpecially suitable for PGC₁ and PGC₂.

As mentioned above, as for PGA₁, the novel PGC compounds of formulas Ito VIII are useful in mammals, including man and certain useful animals,e.g., dogs and pigs, to reduce and control excessive gastric secretion,thereby reducing or avoiding gastrointestinal and duodenal ulcerformation, and accelerating the healing of such ulcers already presentin the gastrointestinal and duodenal tracts. For this purpose, thecompounds are injected or infused intravenously, subcutaneously, orintramuscularly in an infusion dose range about 0.1 μg. to about 500 μg.per kg. of body weight per minute, preferably in the range 1 to 50 μg.per kg. per minute, or in a total daily dose by injection or infusion inthe range about 0.1 to about 20 mg. per kg. of body weight per day, orare administered orally in the range 0.1 to 50 mg. per kg. of bodyweight per day, the exact dose depending on the age, weight, andcondition of the patient or animal, and on the frequency and route ofadministration.

For all of the above purposes, the novel formula I to VIII PGC compoundsare used in free acid form, as esters, or in pharmacologicallyacceptable salt form.

When the ester form is used, any ester within the range of the abovedefinition of R₁ is used. With regard to said definition, examples ofalkyl of one to 12 carbon atoms, inclusive, are methyl, ethyl, propyl,butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, actyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, and dodecyl,and isomeric forms thereof, for example, isopropyl, sec. butyl, and2-ethylhexyl. Examples of cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, inclusive,which includes alkyl-substituted cycloalkyl, are cyclopropyl,2-methylcyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl, 2,3-diethylcyclopropyl,2-butylcyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, 2-methylcyclobutyl, 3-propylcyclobutyl,2,3,4-triethylcyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl,3-pentylcyclopentyl, 3-tert-butylcyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,4-tert-butylcyclohexyl, 3-isopropylcyclohexyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclohexyl,cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, and cyclodecyl. Examples of aralkylof 7 to 12 carbon atoms, inclusive, are benzyl, phenethyl,1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylpropyl, 4-phenylbutyl, 3-phenylbutyl,2-(1-naphthylethyl), and 1-(2-naphthylmethyl). Examples of phenylsubstituted by one to 3 chloro or alkyl of one to 4 carbon atoms,inclusive, are p-chlorophenyl, m-chlorophenyl, o-chlorophenyl,2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2,4,6-trichlorophenyl, p-tolyl, m-tolyl, o-tolyl,p-ethylphenyl, p-tert-butylphenyl, 2,5-dimethylphenyl,4-chloro-2-methylphenyl, and 2,4-dichloro-3-methylphenyl.

Of these esters within the scope of R₁, it is preferred that the esterbe alkyl of one to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive. Of those alkyl, methyl isespecially preferred for optimum absorption by the animal body. Thestraight-chain octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, and dodecyl esters are alsoespecially preferred for prolonged activity in the animal body.

Pharmacologically acceptable salts of these novel PGC compounds usefulfor the purposes described above are those with pharmacologicallyaccepatable metal cations, ammonium, amine cations, or quaternaryammonium cations.

Especially preferred metal cations are those derived from the alkalimetals, e.g., lithium, sodium and potassium, and from the alkaline earthmetals, e.g., magnesium and calcium, although cationic forms of othermetals, e.g., aluminum, zinc, and iron, are within the scope of thisinvention.

Pharmacologically acceptable amine cations are those derived fromprimary, secondary, or tertiary amines. Examples of suitable amines aremethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, dibutylamine,triisopropylamine, N-methylhexylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine,allylamine, crotylamine, cyclopentylamine, dicyclohexylamine,benzylamine, dibenzylamine, α-phenylethylamine, β-phenylethylamine,ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, and the like, aliphatic,cycloaliphatic, and araliphatic amines containing up to and includingabout 18 carbon atoms, as well as heretocyclic amines, e.g., piperidine,morpholine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, and lower-alkyl derivativesthereof, e.g., 1-methylpiperidine, 4-ethylmorpholine,1-isopropylpyrrolidine, 2-methylpyrrolidine, 1,4-dimethylpiperazine,2-methylpiperidine, and the like, as well as amines containingwater-solubilizing or hydrophilic groups, e.g., mono-, di-, andtriethanolamine, ethyldiethanolamine, N-butylethanolamine,2-amino-1-butanol, 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol,2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane,N-phenylethanolamine, N-(p-tert-amylphenyl)diethanolamine, galactamine,N-methylglycamine, N-methylglucosamine, ephedrine, phenylephrine,epinephrine, procaine, and the like.

Examples of suitable pharmacologically acceptable quaternary ammoniumcations are tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium,benzyitrimethylammonium, phenyltriethylammonium, and the like.

As discussed above, the novel compounds of formulas I to VIII areadministered in various ways, e.g. intravenously, intramuscularly, orsubcutaneously. For intravenous injection or infusion, sterile aqueousisotonic solutions are preferred. For subcutaneous or intramuscularinjection, sterile solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueousmedia are used.

It is important when preparing the various novel PGC compounds of thisinvention as described hereinafter and in storing, formulating,dispensing, and administrating them, that they not be allowed contactwith base and that solutions, especially aqueous solutions, containingthem be maintained at a pH less than about 7, preferably in the pH rangeabout 6 to 6.5. A basic environment results in a substantial and usuallyrapid decrease in biological activity of the PGC compound. This loss inactivity occurs substantially more slowly in a neutral or midly acidicmedium. If the storage or dispensing container is made of glass, thecontainer should be washed with acid, e.g., acetic acid, before use.Although salts of the PGC compounds are suitably stable in solid form orin the absence of water or other polar solvents, solutions of the saltform should be buffered so that the pH of the solution is below about 7.The esters of these PGC compounds, especially the methyl esters, aresomewhat more stable than the free acid or salt forms, and for thatreason, these esters, especially the alkyl esters of one to 4 carbonatoms, inclusive, in the alkyl portion, and more especially the methylesters, represent preferred embodiments of this invention.

The novel PGC compounds of formulas I to VIII wherein R₁ is hydrogen areeach prepared by incubating the corresponding PGA compound with theprostaglandin A isomerase enzyme of mammalian blood plasma at a pH about6 to 7, preferably about 7. Thus, to prepare the novel PGC compounds offormula I, the PGA starting materials will have the formula: ##STR16##wherein m and n are as defined above. Illustratively, PGA₁ is thestarting material for the preparation of PGC₁ (formula II, R₁ is H),PGA₂ is the starting material for PGC₂ (formula III, R₁ is H), PGA₃ isthe starting material for PGC₃ (formula IV, R₁ is H). With regard to thenovel PGC compounds of formula V, VI, VII, and VIII 19-hydroxy-PGA₁ isthe starting material for 19-hydroxy-PGC₁ (formula VI, R₁ is H),19-hydroxy-PGA₂ is the starting material for 19-hydroxy-PGC₂ (formulaVII, R₁ is H), and 15β-PGA₂ is the starting material for 15β-PGC₂(formula VIII, R₁ is H).

PGA₁, PGA₂, PGA₃, 19-hydroxy-PGA₁, 19-hydroxy-PGA₂, and 15β-PGA₂ are allknown in the art. The various PGA's encompassed by formula XVI otherthan PGA₁, PGA₂, and PGA₃ are also known in the art, or can be preparedby methods known in the art, for example, by dehydration of thecorresponding PGEs all of which are known in the art. See, for example,the various PGEs disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,636,120. See also, forexample, Struijk et al. , Rec. Trav. Chim. 85, 1233 (1966); French Pat.No. 2,115,086; and German Offenlegungsschrift 2,150,361. Thesedehydrations are carried out by methods known in the art for dehydrationof other prostaglandins E. See, for example, Pike et al., Proc. NobelSymposium II, Stockhoim (1966), Interscience Publishers, New York, pp.162-163 (1967), and British Specification 1,097,533.

The prostaglandin A isomerase enzyme is known in the art, having beenobtained in purified form from cat plasma. See Jones, Biochem. J. 119,64P (1970), Horton et al., Ann, N. Y. Acad. Sci. 180, 351 (1971), andJones, "The Pharmacology of Prostaglandins A and B", Thesis, theUniversity of London (1970). As set forth in those references, thisenzyme has previously been used to transform prostaglandin A₁ (PGA₁) toprostaglandin B₁ (PGB₁) which has the formula: ##STR17## and which issubstantially less active as a vasodepressor than PGA₁. The optimum pHfor this apparently enzymatic isomerization was found to be about 8.5.

Now, I have made the surprising discovery that when PGA₁ is incubatedwith this same purified enzyme at a pH about 7, a different product isformed, namely PGC₁, a compound which, as described above, issubstantially more active as a vasodepressor than PGA₁. Moreover, theother PGA-type compounds described above are also substrates for thissame prostaglandin A isomerase enzyme, and PGC-type compounds areproduced by incubation of each of the PGA-type compounds described abovewith the enzyme at a pH about 7.

The pH about 7 used for this enzymatic transformation of PGA₂ to PGC isan optimum pH, since at significantly higher pH values, thecorresponding PGB is formed, presumably by isomerization of theinitially-formed PGC, and at significantly lower pH values, theenzymatic conversion of PGA to PGC is inconveniently slower than at pHabout 7.

A convenient temperature for the incubation of PGA-type compound withenzyme is about 25° C., although somewhat higher or lower temperatures,for example, the range about 20° to about 40° C., can also be used. Athigher temperatures, for example, about 50° C. and above, the enzyme isdeactivated.

The prostaglandin A isomerase enzyme can be obtained from the bloodplasma of various mammalian species including rabbits, cats, pigs, dogs,and rats. This enzyme does not appear to be present in the blood plasmaof oxen, sheep, guinea pigs, and humans.

Procedures for the preparation of the isomerase enzyme, procedures forincubation of PGA-type compounds with enzyme, and procedures forisolation and purification of the desired PGC-type product are set forthin the Preparations and Examples below.

The above-described enzymatic process produces PGC compounds in freeacid form (formulas I to VII wherein R₁ is hydrogen). When an ester formwithin the scope of the above definition of R₁ is desired, the free acidis transformed to the desired ester by procedures known in the art. Forexample, esterification is readily accomplished by interaction of thefree acid with the appropriate diazohydrocarbon. For example, whendiazomethane is used, the methyl esters are produced. Similar use ofdiazoethane, diazobutane, and 1-diazo-2-ethylhexane, for example, givesthe ethyl, butyl, and 2-ethylhexyl esters, respectively.

Esterification with diazohydrocarbons is carried out by mixing asolution of the diazohydrocarbon in a suitable inert solvent, preferablydiethyl ether, with the acid reactant, advantageously in the same or adifferent inert diluent. After the esterification reaction is complete,the solvent is removed by evaporation, and the ester purified if desiredby conventional methods, preferably by chromatography. It is preferredthat contact of the acid reactant with the diazohydrocarbon be no longerthan necessary to effect the desired esterification, preferably aboutone to about ten minutes, to avoid undesired molecular changes.Diazohydrocarbons are known in the art or are prepared by methods knownin the art. See, for example, Organic Reactions, John Wiley & Sons,Inc., New York, N. Y., Vol. 8, pp. 389-394 (1954).

An alternative method for esterification of the free acid forms of thePGCs prepared according to this invention comprises transformation ofthe acid to the corresponding silver salt followed by interaction ofthat salt with an alkyl iodide.

Examples of suitable iodides are methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, butyliodide, isobutyl iodide, tert-butyl iodide, and the like. The silversalts are prepared by conventional methods, for example, by slowlyneutralizing the acid with slightly less than the stoichiometric amountof cold dilute aqueous ammonia, and then adding the stoichiometricamount of silver nitrate.

Still another even more general prior art method for esterification ofthe novel PGC acids of this invention comprises slowly neutralizing theacid with slightly less than the stoichiometric amount of triethylamine,reacting the amine salt with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, or isobutylchloroformate, and then reacting the resulting mixed anhydride with analcohol or phenol corresponding to the desired R₁ moiety.

The pharmacologically acceptable salts of the novel formula I to VIIIPGC compounds of this invention are also prepared by conventionalmethods, care being taken that contact is avoided with aqueous and otherpolar solution environments with a pH above 7. Amine salts, especiallysalts with tertiary amines, are preferred for the above describedpharmacological purposes.

The invention can be more fully understood by the following preparationsand examples. For a discussion of "Sephadex" gels, see Porath, Nature,218, 834 (1968).

Preparation 1 Prostaglandin A Isomerase Enzyme.

The procedure for this preparation is essentially that described in myabove-cited doctoral dissertation, Jones, "The Pharmacology ofProstaglandins A and B", Thesis, The University of London (1970), and isset forth here for convenience.

A. Isolation

Two cats weighing 2.5 and 2.3 kg. are anesthetized with pentobarbitonesodium (35 mg./kg.) injected intraperitoneally. The trachea iscannulated. An external juglar vein and a common carotid artery are alsocannulated. Two-thousand (2000) U/kg. heparin is injected. Isotonicphosphate buffer (pH 7.4; 100 ml.) is infused intravenously at 10ml./min., and blood is simultaneously collected from the carotid artery.The blood is centrifuged at 2000 X g for 10 min., and the plasmaremoved.

The plasma is maintained at 20° C. and stirred mechanically. Therequired amount of ammonium sulfate for protein and enzyme precipitationis calculated using the nomogram of Dixon, Biochem. J. 54, 457 (1953).Ammonium sulfate is solid form is added to the plasma and theprecipitation process allowed to proceed for 15 minutes. The solution iscentrifuged at 4000 X g for 15 minutes. The supernatant is poured off,and the residue is dissolved in a small volume of 0.1 M phosphate buffer(pH 7.4). Twenty-five, 50, 75, and 100% ammonium sulfate fractions arethus obtained. The fractions are dialyzed against 0.1 M phosphate buffer(pH 7.4) for 15 hours to remove the ammonium sulfate.

B. Purification

By the assay procedure described below, about 82% of the isomeraseenzyme in the cat plasma is present in the 50 to 75% ammonium sulfatefraction. Therefore, this fraction alone is used as a source of purifiedenzyme.

The cationic phosphate buffer of the dialysis residue is exchanged foran anionic Tris-HCl buffer. This is done by gel filtration. SephadexG-50 fine (50 g.) is allowed to swell in excess Tris-HCl buffer (ionicstrength (1) = 0.1; pH 7.0) for 3 hours, and is then packed into acolumn (3.5 × 50 cm.). The concentrate (8 ml.) of the 50 to 75% ammoniumsulfate fraction is loaded on column and eluted with 0.1 M Tris-HClbuffer (1 = 0.1; pH 7.0) at 0.5 ml./min., collecting 15-minute samples.All samples containing protein as shown by ultraviolet absorption at 280nm are combined.

Next, DEAE Sephadex A-50 (4 g.) is equilibrated with 0.1 M Tris-HClbuffer (1 = 0.1; pH 7.0) for 3 days at 25° C. The resultant gel ispacked into a column (1.6 × 21 cm.), and buffer is poured through thecolumn at 0.2 ml./min. for 12 hours. About 1/30 of the 50 to 75%ammonium sulfate fraction after treatment described above is loaded onthe column, and the column is eluted with 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0)containing initially 0.05 M sodium chloride and rising linearly to 0.515M sodium chloride after 24 hours; flow rate 0.2 ml./min.; fractionvolume 10 ml. Eluate fractions 11, 12, and 13 are combined.

The enzyme in these combined eluate fractions is concentrated by addingSephadex G-25 coarse (2.4 g.) to each of 10-ml. portions of the combinedeluate fractions, and swelling is allowed to continue for 10 minutes.The gel is then packed into a sinter funnel with a Whatman No. 1 filterdisc, and centrifuged at 300 × g for 5 minutes. This same process isrepeated on the filtrate, and the concentrated filtrate is retained.

Sephadex G-200 (5 g.) is swollen in 0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.0) buffercontaining 1 M sodium chloride for 3 days. The gel is then loaded into acolumn (1.6 × 60 cm.). the gel is allowed 3 days to settle, buffer beingpumped through at a rate of 0.1 ml./min. About one-quarter of theconcentrated filtrate from above is mixed with 1.6 ml. of the startingbuffer, and the column is eluted with starting buffer containing 1.0 Msodium chloride; flow rate 0.21 ml./min.; fraction volume 3 ml. Eluatefractions 21, 22, 23, and 24 are combined to give a purifiedconcentrated prostaglandin A isomerase enzyme preparation which isstored in frozen form at -20° C. until needed.

It is desirable though not essential that the various chromatographicprocedures described above be carried out in a cold room, advantageouslyat about 4° C. The final enzyme preparation, prepared as describedabove, is estimated to represent about a 40 to 50-fold purification overthe original cat plasma.

C. Assay.

It is necessary to have some means of determining the amount of usefulprostaglandin A isomerase enzyme in a particular enzyme preparation sothat one will know how much of that particular preparation should beused to transform a PGA to a PGC according to the novel process of thisinvention. The amount of enzyme present in a preparation will varyaccording to several factors, including source of the plasma, precisedetails of the isolation and purification procedures, and age andstorage conditions for the enzyme preparation. In my doctoraldissertation, above cited, it is disclosed that incubation of PGA₁ withthe isomerase enzyme at pH 8.5 results in gradual formation of PGB₁. Thelatter prostaglandin shows a characteristic ultraviolet absorption at283 nm, and the amount of PGB₁ formed from PGA₁ in a unit of time caneasily be determined spectrophotometrically on small scale incubations.In said doctoral dissertation, a unit (U) of isomerase enzyme is definedas the amount which will cause formation of one micromole of PGB₁ perminute under the following conditions: end volume 3.0 ml.; buffer 0.1 MTris-HCl; pH 8.5, temperature 45° C.; initial concentration of PGA₁, 5μg/.ml. I now prefer to define a unit (U) of isomerase enzyme in thesame manner but with a temperature of 25° C. and 0.2 μ mole of PGA₁ asthe initial total amount of substrate.

For this analysis of enzyme content, a Pye Unicam SP.800spectrophotometer is used. The cells are of 1-cm. path length and 3-ml.capacity, and are enclosed in a constant temperature cell housing(SP.874) maintained at 25° C. by water from an external thermostatedbath. The enzyme preparation sample to be estimated is diluted with 0.1M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.5) to a definite volume. Diluted sample (2.90ml.) is pipetted into a cell which is placed in the sample beam. Aspectrum versus air is recorded. If the absorbance at 280 nm due toprotein is greater than 1.2, a further dilution of the sample is made.

A second cell containing 3.0 ml. of the same sample dilution is thenplaced in the reference beam, and a spectrum is recorded to insure thatthe two cells and their contents are adequately matched. The cellcontents are allowed 10 minutes to reach thermal equilibrium, and then100 μ l. of PGA solution in 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.5; 150 μg./ml.of PGA₁) is added to the sample cell. Using a SP.825 Series 2 programcontroller, a spectrum is recorded between 250 and 325 nm 2 minutesafter addition of the substrate, and then at 5 minute intervals for atleast another 20 minutes. The recorded absorbance is scale-expanded5-fold and recorded on a Servoscribe potentiometric recorder. The cellcontents are only subjected to the inradiating beam during each scan.

By this procedure, the formation of PGB₁ results in an absorbanceincrease at 283 nm. The relationship between the increase in absorbanceat 283 nm and time is linear for at least 20 minutes after addition ofthe PGA₁. The increase in absorbance from time zero to 20 minutes ismeasured and divided by 20 to give the average increase in absorbanceper minute. If the average increase in absorbance at 283 nm is greaterthan 0.005, then the enzyme preparation is diluted further to give anaverage absorbance increase per minute below about 0.005.

Using 3-ml. cells of 1 cm. path length, and estimating the absorbance ofPGB₁ in water at pH 8.5 to be about 27,000 to about 27,500, addition ofone unit (U) of isomerase to the above system will result in anabsorbance change of 9.0 to 9.2 per minute. For practical purposes, theaddition of one milliunit (mU) of isomerase to the above system resultsin an absorbance change of 0.0090 to 0.0092 per minute. Thus, forexample, if the total absorbance change after 20 minutes is 0.085, theaverage change per minute is 0.00425, and the amount of isomerase addedto the spectrophotometric system is 0.00425/0.0091 or 0.47 mU. Thisvalue will enable simple calculation of mU of isomerase in any givenquantity of a particular isomerase enzyme preparation, taking intoaccount the dilutions made for the analysis.

Since my initial work with the isolation, purification, and analysis ofthe prostaglandin A isomerase enzyme of cat plasma, which is not part ofthe present invention, additional work along these lines has beencarried out and published. See, for example, Jones et al., BiochimBiophys. Acta 280, 588 (1972). Prostaglandin A isomerase enzyme preparedas described above and as described in this Jones et al. article areboth useful in transforming PGA-type compounds to the novel PGC-typecompounds of this invention.

EXAMPLE 1 PGC₁

Prostaglandin A₁ (20 mg.; 0.06 mmole) in 4 ml. of methanol is added to 6mU of prostaglandin A isomerase (from cat plasma) in 56 ml. of 0.1 MTris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0). The temperature of the reaction mixture ismaintained at 25° C. When the ultraviolet absorbance of the reactionmixture at 234 nm reaches a maximum (about 90 minutes), the reactionmixture is cooled to 0° C. and applied to a column (40 × 600 mm) of G-25Sephadex gel maintained between 0° and 4° C., eluting with Tris-HClbuffer (pH 7.0) at 8 ml. per minute, collecting 24-ml. fractions.Ultraviolet spectra of fractions with elution volumes of 500-900 ml. areobtained, and those fractions with a significant absorbance at 234 nmare combined, acidified to pH 5.5 with hydrochloric acid, andpartitioned twice with an equal volume of diethyl ether. The combinedether phases are washed with water and evaporated to dryness. Theresidue is then purified by reversed-phase partition chromatography onhydrophobic diatomaceous earth (hydrophobic Hyflo Super-Cel; 6.75 g.)using solvent system F 55 (a two-phase system consisting of 165 parts ofmethanol, 135 parts of water, 45 parts of chloroform, and 5 parts ofheptane, the heavier phase being applied to the Hyflo Super-Cel and thelighter phase being used as eluent), and flow rate 7 ml. per hour. Thereactant PGA₁ is eluted first, followed closely by by-product PGB₁, bothas shown by ultraviolet absorption of eluate fractions at 217 nm (PGA₁)and 278 nm (PBG₁) respectively. At about eluate volume 180 ml., theeluent (moving phase) is made less polar by addition of 10% methanol,and the elution continued. Subsequent eluate fractions showingsignificant absorption at 234 nm are combined and evaporated to dryness,and the residue suspended in hexane and stored at -20° C.

The above residue is subsequently applied as a band to a 5 × 20 cm.thin-layer chromatography plate coated with a 0.5 mm. layer of silicagel G. Authentic PGA₁ and PGB₁ and a small portion of the residue areapplied as spots to a second plate. Both plates are developedsimultaneously in the same tank, using the solvent systemtoluene-dioxane-acetic acid (50:30:1). The marker plate spots arevisualized by spraying the plate with 10% phosphomolybdic acid inethanol followed by heating at 110° C. for 10 minutes. The silica gelfrom the 0.38-0.44 R_(f) zone of the preparative plate (containing theresidue only) is removed and eluted with methanol. The methanol isdiluted with 50 volumes of water and extracted with diethyl ether. Theether is evaporated to give 4.2 mg. of PGC₁ which is stored dry, undernitrogen, at -20° C. PGC₁ shows maximum ultraviolet absorption at 235 nmin hexane, and 234 nm in methanol and in water (pH 7.0); infraredabsorption at 1260 and 800 cm⁻¹, and a broad absorption band between1760 and 1680 cm⁻¹.

Following the procedure of Example 1 but using 30 mU of prostaglandinisomerase rather than 6 mU, and using 6.7 mg of PGA₁ in methanol ratherthan the amount used in Example 1, PGC₁ is obtained in substantiallyhigher yield.

EXAMPLE 2 PGC₂

Following the general procedure of Example 1, PGA₂ and isomerase enzymeat final concentrations in 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0) of 100 μg./ml.for PGA₂ and 0.5 mU/ml. for the enzyme are incubated at 25° C. for 45minutes. The ratio is 0.02 mM of PGA₂ and 30 mU of isomerase. Thereaction mixture is cooled to 0° C., and filtered through Sephadex G-25gel as in Example 1. The eluant from the gel column is acidified to pH5.5 with hydrochloric acid, and then partitioned twice with equalvolumes of diethyl ether. The combined ether phases are washed withwater, dried over sodium sulphate, and evaporated to dryness. Theresidue is chromatographed by reversed-phase partition chromatography,using hydrophobic Hyflo Super-Cel as a support and solvent system F 60(methanol:water:chloroform:heptane:acetic acid 180:120:45:5:2). An8-gram column will hold 50 mg. of lipid, and the elution volumes ofPGA₂, PGB₂, and PGC₂ are 75, 85, and 95 ml., respectively. PGA₂, PGB₂,and PGC₂ show ultraviolet absorption at about the same nm as PGA₁, PGB₁,and PGC₁, and this is used as in Example 1 to choose the appropriateeluate fractions for combining to obtain PGC₂. The combined PGC₂fractions are evaporated to dryness to give PGC₂. For storage, the PGC₂is dissolved in methanol, and the solution is maintained at -20° C. PGC₂shows infrared absorption (CH₂ Cl₂) at 2900, 2820, 1740, 1705, 1455,1370, 1135, 1045, and 970 cm⁻¹, and ultraviolet absorption at 234 nmwith a molar extinction coefficient of 20,600 in methanol.

EXAMPLE 3 PGC₃

Following the procedures of Examples 1 or 2, PGA₃ is transformed toPGC₃.

EXAMPLE 4 19-Hydroxy-PGC₁

Following the procedures of Examples 1 or 2, 19-hydroxy-PGA₁ istransformed to 19-hydroxy-PGC₁ ; ultraviolet absorption at 234 nm withshoulders at 228 and 242 nm.

EXAMPLE 5 19-Hydroxy-PGC₂

Following the procedures of Examples 1 or 2, 19-hydroxy-PGA₂ istransformed to 19-hydroxy-PGC₂.

EXAMPLE 6 15β-PGC₂

Following the procedures of Examples 1 or 2, 15β-PGA₂ is transformed to15β-PGC₂ ; ultraviolet absorption at 234 nm with shoulders at 228 and242 nm.

Also following the procedures of Examples 1 or 2, 20-nor-PGA₁,20-methyl-PGA₁, 20-ethyl-PGA₁, 20-nor-PGA₂, 20-methyl-PGA₂,20-ethyl-PGA₂, 2a-homo-20-methyl-PGA₁, 2a-homo-20-ethyl-PGA₂,2a,2b-dihomo-PGA₁, 2a,2b-dihomo-20-methyl-PGA₂,2a,2b-dihomo-20-ethyl-PGA₂, and 20-ethyl-PGA₃ are transformed to20-nor-PGC₁, 20-methyl-PGC₁, 20-ethyl-PGC₁, 20-nor-PGC₂, 20-methyl-PGC₂,20-ethyl-PGC₂, 2a-homo-20-methyl-PGC₁, 2a-homo-20-ethyl-PGC₂,2a,2b-dihomo-PGC₁, 2a,2b-dihomo-20-methyl-PGC₂,2a,2b-dihomo-20-ethyl-PGC₂, and 20-ethyl-PGC₃, respectively.

EXAMPLE 7 PGC₂ Methyl Ester

Diazomethane (excess) in diethyl ether is added to a diethyl ethersolution of PGC₂ at 25° C. After the reaction is complete as shown bythe absence of PGC₂ spots on TLC, the diethyl ether and excessdiazomethane are removed under reduced pressure to give PGC₂ methylester; ultraviolet absorption at 234 nm with shoulder at 229 nm;infrared absorption (CH₂ Cl₂) at 2900, 2810, 1720, 1450 w, 1380, 1240,and 1045 cm⁻¹ ; R_(f) on silica gel TLC 0.55 (methanol-benzene 5-95),0.58 (acetone-benzene 10-90), 0.71 (acetone-dichloromethane 4-96).

EXAMPLE 8 PGC₁ Methyl Ester

Following the procedure of Example 7, PGC₁ is reacted with diazomethaneto give PGC₁ methyl ester.

EXAMPLE 9 PGC₃ Methyl Ester

Following the procedure of Example 7, PGC₃ is reacted with diazomethaneto give PGC₃ methyl ester.

EXAMPLE 10 19-Hydroxy-PGC₁ Methyl Ester

Following the procedure of Example 7, 19-hydroxy-PGC₁ is reacted withdiazomethane to give 19-hydroxy-PGC₁ methyl ester.

EXAMPLE 11 19-Hydroxy-PGC₂ Methyl Ester

Following the procedure of Example 7, 19-hydroxy-PGC₂ is reacted withdiazomethane to give 19-hydroxy-PGC₂ methyl ester.

EXAMPLE 12 15β-PGC₂ Methyl Ester

Following the procedure of Example 7, 15β-PGC₂ is reacted withdiazomethane to give 15β-PGC₂ methyl ester.

Following the procedure of Example 7, each of the PGC-type compoundsrecited after Example 6 are reacted with diazomethane to give thecorresponding methyl ester.

I claim:
 1. An optically active compound of the formula: ##STR18##wherein m is 0, 1, 2, or 3 and n is 2, 3, 4, or 5, and wherein R₁ ishydrogen, alkyl of one to 12 carbon atoms, inclusive, cycloalkyl of 3 to10 carbon atoms, inclusive, aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms, inclusive,phenyl, or phenyl substituted with one, 2, or 3 chloro or alkyl of oneto 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, and the pharmacologically acceptable saltsthereof when R₁ is hydrogen.
 2. An optically active compound of theformula: ##STR19## wherein R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl of one to 12 carbonatoms, inclusive, cycloalkyl of 3 to 10 carbon atoms, inclusive, aralkylof 7 to 12 carbon atoms, inclusive, phenyl, or phenyl substituted withone, 2, or 3 chloro or alkyl of one to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, andthe pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof when R₁ is hydrogen.
 3. Acompound according to claim 2 wherein R₁ is hydrogen or alkyl of one to4 carbon atoms, inclusive, and pharmacologically acceptable saltsthereof when R₁ is hydrogen.
 4. A compound according to claim 2 whereinR₁ is hydrogen.
 5. A compound according to claim 2 wherein R₁ is methyl.6. An optically active compound of the formula: ##STR20## wherein R₁ ishydrogen, alkyl of one to 12 carbon atoms, inclusive, cycloalkyl of 3 to10 carbon atoms, inclusive, aralkyl of 7 to 12 carbon atoms, inclusive,phenyl, or phenyl substituted with one, 2, or 3 chloro or alkyl of oneto 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, and the pharmacologically acceptable saltsthereof when R₁ is hydrogen.
 7. A compound according to claim 6 whereinR₁ is hydrogen or alkyl of one to 4 carbon atoms, inclusive, andpharmacologically acceptable salts thereof when R₁ is hydrogen.
 8. Acompound according to claim 6 wherein R₁ is hydrogen.
 9. A compoundaccording to claim 6 wherein R₁ is methyl.